Human Umbilical Cord derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
According to The European Review for Medical and Pharmacological
Sciences (2016), cells derived from
the mesoderm with the ability to undergo self-renewal are mesenchymal stem
cells (MSCs). These cells were first described by a team led by Friedenstein as
spindle-shaped cells that adhered to the culture vessel from the bone marrow. MSCs
can differentiate into several cell types such as chondrocytes (cartilage
cells), osteocytes (bone cells), adipocytes (fat cells) and myocytes
(muscle).
2016-published research in the Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research by scientists Viganò and team
explained that these cells maintain the optimum number of cells in tissues to
maintain tissue homeostasis by differentiating into appropriate cells. They
also release many growth factors and molecules that regulate the immune system.
A team led by Sriramulu (2018) described
added features of these cells in the International Journal of
hematology-oncology and stem cell research that are of interest in clinical
applications. Notably, the cells can apart from secreting growth factors to
allow tissue regeneration but also target and prevent immune reactions to hence
allow repair of the damaged cells. These “immunomodulatory” effects open up an
avenue for using these cells for therapy.
While the usual source of MSCs is the
bone marrow, due to the decrease in these cells with age in the marrow, several
other sources have been explored. These include peripheral blood, amniotic
fluid, umbilical cord and cord blood. The MSCs from the umbilical cord express
lower levels of immune molecules called major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
class I and human leukocyte antigen-II (HLA-II) molecules when compared with
MSCs from the bone marrow.
Research by Takeo and team in Frontiers in Neurology describe the advantages
of using MSCs from the umbilical cord in research:
1. The collection of these cells does not involve any invasive process.
2. The ethical issues associated are lesser.
3. The source is abundant.
4. The collection, storage and transport of the cord are easy.
5. The cells isolated can differentiate into several cell types.
6. They migrate to sites of injury or damage.
7. They have low immunogenicity
The abovementioned research team also
reported that MSCs from the umbilical cord could repair the damage in neonatal
cortical neurons that had been exposed to oxygen starvation. The MSCs
stimulated the division and numbers of neurons and also decreased the number of
cells showing apoptosis. This opens up the potential of using these cells to
treat traumatic brain injury or cerebral palsy.
As another example, research by Marmotti
and team in Stem Cells International
reported that MSCs from the umbilical cord could differentiate into cartilage
and bone to serve as sources of cells “on- demand” for orthopaedic tissue
engineering.
Thus, the culture of MSCs from the
umbilical cord can serve as an interesting tool to explore the potential of
these cells to treat diseases and boost research.
Kosheeka is your answer if you are
looking at an authentic source of these cells that are conducive for your
research and hence contribution to science.
References:
Ali F, Taresh S, Al-Nuzaily M, Mok PL, Ismail A, Ahmad
S. Stem cells differentiation and probing their therapeutic applications in
hematological disorders: a critical review. The European Review for Medical and Pharmacological
Sciences. 2016 Oct; 20(20):4390-4400.
Viganò M, Sansone V, d'Agostino MC, Romeo P, Perucca
Orfei C, de Girolamo L. Mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutic target of
biophysical stimulation for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and
Research. 2016 Dec 16; 11(1):163.
Sriramulu, S., Banerjee, A., Di
Liddo, R., Jothimani, G., Gopinath, M., Murugesan, R., Marotta, F., &
Pathak, S. Concise Review on Clinical Applications of Conditioned Medium
Derived from Human Umbilical Cord-Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UC-MSCs). International
journal of hematology-oncology and stem cell research. 2018; 12(3), 230–234.
Mukai Takeo, Tojo Arinobu,
Nagamura-Inoue Tokiko. Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Contribute to Neuroprotection in Neonatal Cortical Neurons Damaged by
Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation. Frontiers in
Neurology. 2018; 9: 466.
A. Marmotti, S. Mattia, F. Castoldi, et al.
Allogeneic Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Potential Source
for Cartilage and Bone Regeneration: An In Vitro Study. Stem
Cells International. 2017; Article ID 1732094: 16 pages.
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